Eating Disorder Research Paper Outline

Take A Bite On This Attention Getter: February 4, 1983 was the day that opened the eyes of America to the view of the damaging effects of eating disorders. This day marks the death of the very famous singer of the time, Karen Carpenter. Looking glamorous and confident on the outside, most did not know she was suffering from Anorexia Nervosa (B5). Throughout her teenage years, she was overweight. In 1967, weighing 140 pounds, Karen was put on a water diet by her doctor. This brought her down to 120 pounds (B6). Even though she was now at a healthy weight, she was still insecure due to her large amount of celebrity peers who were the ideal, perfect weight. Taking dozens of thyroid pills a day and throwing up the little food she ate, by 1975 Karen weighed 80 pounds. Her body became so weak that during one of her performances in Las Vegas, she collapsed on stage (B7). She was then finally admitted into the hospital, where it was confirmed she was 35 pounds underweight. Shocked by this, Karen consulted with doctors and therapists to do anything she could to return back to a healthy weight. However, it was too late. Due to the excess laxatives and starvation, Karen’s body could not take anymore (B8). Her death was a surprise to America, unaware of the dangers of eating disorders. Defintion of topic/terms: Types of Eating Disorders: The three types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating. Anorexia Nervosa: An eating disorder in which a person sees themselves as overweight, even when they are unbelievably skinny. An anorexic might exercise excessively and starve themselves to lose more weight. Bulimia Nervosa: An eating disorder in which a person eats large amounts of food, followed by dangerous measures to control his or her weight. Examples of this are excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting (purging), and the abuse of diuretics and laxatives. Binge Eating: An eating disorder in which one consumes enormous amounts of food at a time, without the self-induced methods of later getting rid of it. One suffering from this will usually eat by themselves out of embarrassment, and will feel like they have lost control. I) The way the media affects eating disorders is a serious problem A) More and more teens are affected by eating disorders every day. 1) The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) has an estimate of 35 million Americans who are affected by anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. (F1) 2) Eating disorders affect 3% to 5% of the American female population. (B3) 3) 1% to 3% of teenage girls in middle and high school are affected only by bulimia, while 1% to 4% are affected in college. H3) 4) The director of the Renfrew Center of Southern Connecticut, named Burnell, states that one percent of American women are affected by anorexia and five percent are bulimic. The Renfrew Center is an eating disorder clinic in Wilton. (F6) 5) According to Britain’s National Health Service, over the past three years children eight years and younger have been admitted to the hospital for anorexia. From age five to six 98 have been admitted, and from age seven to eight, 99. (A1) B) With more expos ure to the media, more begin to suffer from an eating disorder. ) Dr. Anne Becker, the owner of the Eating Disorder Clinic at Harvard Medical School, did a study after TV was released to the island of Fiji in 1995. After three years, there was an enormous rise in eating disorders, where around 74% of the females said they felt too fat. This culture used to believe â€Å"you gained weight† was a compliment. (B4) 2) Using the self-improvement program Media Smart, doctors Simon Wilksch and Tracey Wade conducted a study of 13 year olds on how to help teens get a better self-image of themselves. After three years, the students who watched the program did not have an increase of body concerns, while the ones that did not watch it, had an increase. (E2) 3) Sarah Murnen, a professor of psychology at Kenyon College in Gambler, Ohio, did a study on how fashion magazines affected body image. Her research reviewed 21 studies of the media’s affect on more than 6,000 girls, 10 years or older. The results showed that the more the girls were exposed to the fashion magazines, the more they struggled to have a positive body image. L2) C) The media should decrease its amount of influence on having the â€Å"perfect† body because more and more people are affected by eating disorders due to the large impact from celebrities, the press, and advertisement. II) Many people look up to celebrities as role models, while most are portrayed as having the ideal, skinny body. A) While many look up and want to be just like them, celebrities are depicted in a way that is unreal and abnorm al. 1) Colleen Thompson, an expert on eating disorders, explains, â€Å"Many teenagers need a role model and someone to look up to. Unfortunately, too many of them choose fashion models or actresses as role models, they paste picture of them all over their rooms, and some will resort to dangerous methods of weight control to try and look like their idols. † (J1) 2) Research shows that the more exposed to models and pictures in the media, the more one is to believe they have to look like that. â€Å"This happens even though women know pictures have clearly been airbrushed,† Tara Diversi, dietitian and co-author of The Good Enough Diet, explains, â€Å"The rational brain knows it’s not real, but the emotional brain doesn’t. (C3) 3) â€Å"These girls are anomalies of nature. They are freaks of nature. They are not average. They are naturally thin and have incredibly long legs compared to the rest of their body. Their eyes are wide set apart. Their cheekbones are high,† explains Kelly Cutrone, the owner of People’s Revolution. This is a very popular company that displays fash ion shows all over the world. She then goes on to say, â€Å"If we get a girl who is bigger than a 4, she is not going to fit the clothes. Clothes look better on thin people. The fabric hangs better. (L3) 4) â€Å"We know more about women who look good than we know about women who do good,† protests Audrey Brasich, a former teen model and author of All Made Up: A Girl’s Guide to Seeing Through Celebrity Hype and Celebrating Real Beauty. (L4) 5) Barbie would be at least five feet, nine inches tall; weighing 100 pounds is she was a real human. (K1) 6) Statistics from a poll conducted by NEDA, show that 64% of adults believe that media is the cause of eating disorders. Out of this amount, 69% are females, and 58% of male’s supported it. F7) 7) Out of every mental illness, anorexia has the highest mortality rate, usually in the form of suicide. (F4) 8) Around 5% to 20% of anorexia patients will die. (H9) B) Celebrities themselves suffer from eating disorders. 1) Me lissa Dehart, a former television reporter, suffers from anorexia and once dropped to 56 pounds. Entertainment Tonight has followed her story since 2003. (F14) 2) Kate Dillon, a popular model, admitted she got the idea to purge from watching a television movie. In the mid-1990’s, she quit modeling when ordered to lose 20 pounds. She only weighed 125. She is now a plus-size model. (F16) 3) According to Beth McGilley, a Wichita Kansa psychologist specializing in eating disorders, trauma, and working with athletes, those suffering with eating disorders need, on average, five to seven years of treatment (K2). 4) The Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD0 state that anorexia treatment cost almost $30,000 a month and $100,000 for outpatient treatments. Insurance usually does not cover any of this. (F8). 4) According to NEDA, out of the 35 million affected by eating disorders, ten million women and one million men suffer from anorexia and bulimia, while the other 25 million suffer from binge eating. (F5) 5) Oprah Winfrey did a huge story about a woman who weighed 38 pounds from Rudine. She dies in 1995. (F15) 6) In 2006, the Madrid fashion show banned any models that did not fall into a healthy weight range. For example, a 5-foot-9 woman would need to weigh at least 125 pounds. L1) III) The press does much research and much damage on the increasing number of those affected by eating disorders. A) The press is a large contributor to the research done on the different disorders. 1) In 2004, the National Center of Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion conducted a poll of different methods students used to lose weight. Nationwide, 13. 3% did not eat anything for 24 hours or more, 9. 2% took diet pills, powders, or liquids, and 6% took laxatives or vomited. (F9) 2) 95% of all people on diets will gain back all of their weight within 5 years. D1) 3) In Australia, 50% of girls and 33% of boys believe they are overweight, even though they are considered healthy. (E1) 4) Out of all anorexia patients, 90% to 95% are women, while the other small percentage of 5% to 10% is males. (H7) 5) Out of all bulimia patients, only 20% are males, while the other 80% are females. (H4) B) Considering its large amount of help in research, the press also contributes a large amount to the number of those suffering from eating disorders. ) Tara Diversi says, â€Å"Being overweight reduces your life expectancy by three years, but being unhappy reduces it to nine years. † (C4) 2) Proven by a recent U. S. survey, 97% of women say an everage of 13 things they dislike about themselves every day. (C1) 3) More than 85 million American adults suffer from obesity and binge eating. (F12) 4) Out of every mental illness, eating disor ders contribute to the highest death rate, topping off depression and schizophrenia. (D2) 5) Starvation is performed by almost eleven million Americans who suffer from eating disorders. F10) 6) The serious effects of anorexia are abnormal heart rate, low blood pressure, loss of bone density, weak muscles, dehydration which can lead to kidney failure, fatigue, hair loss, dry skin, and formation of hair all over the body to help keep it warm. (H6). 7) The serious effects of bulimia are electrolyte imbalances from the loss of potassium and sodium from the body, gastric rupture during bingeing, tooth decay and staining from the stomach acids of continuous vomiting, and irregular bowel movements from laxative and diuretic use. H2) IV) Advertisements have a huge affect on one’s eating habits. A) Advertisement has a great affect on obesity. 1) According to research by the Kaiser Family Foundation and researchers at Indiana University, kids 2 to 7 years old view unhealthy food commer cials 12 times a day and around 4,400 times a year. Children 8 to 12 watch around 21 a day, with around 7,600 a year. Teens view these commercials around 17 times a day, with around 6,600 per year. (G1) 2) Out of all the ads viewed by 2 to 7 year-old children, 32% of them are about food and drinks, 25% for 9 to 13 year olds, and 22% for teens. (G6) ) Out of all kid commercials on food, 34% is about candy and snacks, 28% on usually sugared cereals, 10% on fast food, 4% for dairy products, 1% about fruit juices, and nothing for fruits and vegetables. (G7). 4) According to the Kaiser Family Foundation and Indiana University study, which recorded more than 40,000 ads, 9,000 were about food and drinks. (G5) 5) â€Å"If any parent tried to talk to their kids 10 or 20 times a day about healthy eating, they’d be considered the biggest nag ever, and yet that’s how many bad food messages kids are seeing on TV every day,† interprets Margo Wootan of the Center of Science in Public Interest. G4) 6) Every year more than ten billion dollars is spent on advertising food and drinks for children. (G3) 7) Obesity affects more than 66% of all Americans. (B1) 8) Around 25 million or one-third of teens and children are obese or overweight. (G2) B) Negative body image is greatly affected by advertisement. 1) Dove sponsored a study of 445 women, in which 15% admitted they were worried about their image affecting their jobs, while 20% said they dread about their body almost every day. (A2) ) A study done on 2000 women in the UK proved that women’s first impression of other women is their size and weight. (C2) 3) Cocaine, Adderall, and other caffeine-related diet drugs are very commonly used in order for women to lose weight. (B2) C) Advertisement influences girls in both good and bad ways. 1) Ellen Rome is a spokeswoman for the Chicago-based Academy for Eating Disorders, as well as a pediatrician in Cleveland. She states, â€Å"The media reflects and exace rbates the problems. These teen girls watch and read and observe and emulate. † (F13) 2) â€Å"We do not run photos of anybody in magazines who we believe to be at an unhealthy weight,† explains Glamour’s Cynthia Leive who concludes that the media has a huge influence on women’s body images and should represent women of all different sizes. (L5) V) Discuss the Future (Visualization). A) The rates of eating disorders will go down. 1) More will not feel the need to have the perfect â€Å"ideal† body. 2) Without celebrity role models looking flawless, most will not feel the eed to look just like them B) More people will have better body images of themselves. 1) People will have more confidence without the need to be so skinny. 2) More will understand their body weight and shape is fine just the way it is. C) Society will be more accepting. 1) People will not judge others as much because the status quo will include a variety of body shapes. 2) With the celebrities and press influencing less on being perfect, more will accept what others look like. Call to Action: Research more on the causes and effects of eating disorders * Bring about this information of how the media influences this to representatives in your community, state, or Congress * Write letters to popular magazines, newspapers, or television shows explaining how they are affecting society * Spread the word by protesting or bringing up the topic at public events in order for more people to be exposed to this * Get others to help by voting for those who agree that there needs to be a change in how the media exposes the â€Å"perfect† body

Region IX – Zamboanga Peninsula

Recently we were told by our teacher to pay a visit at our campus on the occasion of a science fair giving each one of us one ticket. Accordingly, I went there and enjoyed a lot. What I saw was a fantastic arrangement of exhibits done by the students. I saw miniatures mostly about agriculture. One of the unique creations was a miniature of Terrace Farming, it is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming.As we all know, one of the popular terraces is he Banana Rice Terraces (Haggard-Haggard Palatal). Some of the miniature was describing about Contour Plowing it is plowing across a slope following its elevation contour lines. This is the kind of agricultural solution used by most farmers as a tool for weed control, prevent soil erosion, and in some cases to promote plant growth. There was also a miniature about Interloping meaning growing two different veg etables in an area at the same time to save space. On the other miniature it was about how to farm organically.According to a book that I have read, eating organic odds may in fact, reduce the risk of heart attacks, strokes and cancer for individuals who abstain from consuming products produced by conventional farming methods. I also saw a miniature about animal farming. Mostly the main products of this Industry are meat, milk and eggs for human consumption. Here's to other miniature about urban Vile which pictures out the setting of an urban place or what we call a city where you can see tall buildings and establishments and a large crowd of people.In the contrary there was a miniature with details of a Rural place where It Is located outside the city with a low population density and small settlements. And lastly, one object drew my attention. It was about family farming. Like In my hometown we have a small farm at the back of our house, and planting Is one of our ways of bonding during weekends. One of the Important features of family farms Is the Intimate connection between families and farms which creates vital links between a farm and the food being grown. I miss home. I spent full 30 minutes rooming around the science fair enjoying such wonderful creations.

Okonkwo “Falls Apart”: The Tragic Hero Essay

Psychology teaches us that we retain information presented to us in an emotional and  compelling manner.   Facts and figures may speak to the mind, but stories speak to the  heart—.the heart of individuals and the heart of humanity as a whole.   Why have books and  authors endured for centuries, outlasting nearly every other form of entertainment? Books are  the faithful guardians of humanity’s timeless bonds, and in their words and their images resonate  core human principles.   For this reason, novels are among humanity’s most powerful history  books.   Emotions are, after all, what make us human.   Who better to speak to these unstop-  pable forces than tragic dramatists, who capture the universality of human emotions in their  timeless â€Å"life-in-capsules†:   .their stories.   Classic masters like Sophocles and Shakespeare may  have introduced us to the tragic hero, but contemporary storytellers have transcended race,  regions, and centuries   to gift modern society with its own tortured messengers. In Chinua  Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, the struggle between the late nineteenth century Igbo people of  Nigeria and the white colonialists who sought the tribes’ conversion to Christianity are docu-  mented.   However, it is the rise and fall of one great Igbo warrior, Okonkwo, that truly drives  this modern tragedy†¦. and demonstrates how a â€Å"tragic   hero† is often anything but â€Å"heroic.† Much like Shakespearean tragic hero Macbeth and many others, Okonkwo is a multidimensional blend of light (good) and dark (evil).   The clan leader is admirable in his self-made status (a unique fulfillment of the tragic hero’s usual noble nature) and his determination to create a better future by shunning his father’s questionable actions. Achebe presents Okonkwo and his tribesmen as a people who value thought and artistry:   â€Å"Among the Igbo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten† (12).  Ã‚   During the era of imperialism and romanticism, many dismissed indigenous Africans as the â€Å"noble savage†Ã¢â‚¬â€beings high in morality but low in intelligence.   Achebe’s tale challenges both of these assumptions.   Achebe peppers his tale with Igbo language and words, to illustrate the vital role which communication played in the Igbo community and culture.   Such a representation is a far cry from the dull-witted and language-less â€Å"savage† of popular lore. Despite these positives, the reader may be left with an uncomfortable feeling—and even an active dislike—of the novel’s protagonist.   He beats his wife (although he is punished for it); he constantly berates his son for not being masculine enough; he wishes his daughter (although he adores her character and strength) was a son; he rarely shows emotion (because he perceives feeling as weakness)—and that very fear leads him to remorselessly participate in the premeditated murder of his favored surrogate son Ikemefuna. Two of the aforementioned events are particularly crucial in Okonkwo’s path of development, demonstrating the cruel interaction of fate and choice that guides the tragic hero.   During his formative years, Okondwo firmly captains his own destiny by building himself up as a respected and well-regarded warrior and provider, although these actions are fueled by the disrepute of his dishonest father, a background over which Okonkwo has no control. This secret shame is the first mark of the warrior’s spiritual wounding (parental issues similarly drive other celebrated tragic heroes such as Hamlet and Oedipus).   Spiritual hurt instills Okonkwo with a tragic flaw that damages his decision-making process.   And, as with all tragic heroes, the crossroads (the point of decision) is everything.   When the warrior is faced with a choice regarding how to handle his wife’s presumed negligence, his pride leads him to one brutal conclusion:   a beating.   The action shatters a sacred time for Okonkwo’s tribe, and, more importantly, fractures their trust in an important leader. As a result, the warrior has only wounded himself more, a fact for which he repents but does not yet truly recognize.Only Okonkwo’s second crossroads will irrevocably alter the story, and the man himself.   After all, how could a man look into the eyes of a child whom he has sheltered, mentored, and admired—a child, with no blood ties, who is still no less a â€Å"son† to his â€Å"father†Ã¢â‚¬â€how could such a man look into the past and future and allow his pride to deal that child a fatal blow? How could a piece of that man—of his soul—not die with his child?   For Okonkwo, the answer is clear, and his tragic recognition of the consequences of this action (his moment of truth) sets the ensuing chain of events on its inevitable—and unavoidable—course.   The warrior has further severed the tenuous connection with his family; more death befalls his family; the â€Å"fates† punish him with a tragic accident, which leads to his exile; and he must watch passively as his people are swindled by questionable outsiders. Yet the repeated emotional pummelings have reawakened within the warrior two important virtues:   honor and courage.   Through his revolution of one (his final choice, his final act of defiance), Okonkwo both finds himself and, ultimately, loses himself forever.     In some regards, Okondwo’s self-murder is the murder of humanity’s hope: The fall of the Igbo people—and their once mighty warrior—represents a slower,   more devastating form of humiliation and subtle slavery.   Two passages in particular speak to the colonialist impact:   â€Å"And at last the locusts did descend. They settled on every tree and on every blade of grass; they settled on the roofs and covered the bare ground† (71); â€Å"He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart† (164).   The first passage indicates how suddenly these indigenous peoples found themselves in the midst of colonialists (like the locusts), while the second passage laments how easily the outsiders were able to turn loyal tribesmen against one another. In the story, the tribesmen were at first seduced by the kindly ways of Mr. Brown (who respects the tribesmen yet lures away the tribe ‘outsiders’ first), but then they fall victim to the much more aggressive Reverend Smith.   Once under Smith’s leadership, the tribe converts’ actions become much more disreputable and disloyal (such as when Enoch unmasks the egwogwu), and the leaders of the tribe eventually lose their will to fight the colonialists, leading to Okonkwo’s suicide.   But it is perhaps the final lines of the book which most symbolize the â€Å"falling apart† of this once proud people: â€Å"He had already chosen the title of the book, after much thought: The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger† (224). The tribe is reduced to some white man’s conquest, while the very symbol of that tribe’s former strength, Okonkwo, becomes â€Å"a paragraph or two†Ã¢â‚¬â€a mere footnote in colonialist history.     In this sense, Okonkwo’s suffering (like many tragic heroes) is instilled with greater meaning because he serves as a symbol—a symbol of his culture’s greatness and its inevitable, tragic demise. Two words best summarize the complex creation of Okonkwo:   tragic hero.   Within this man is a piece of every individual, past and present.   The audience relates so well because they see themselves in Okonkwo’s shortcomings, flaws, and basically imperfect human nature.   In watching this memorable character’s own struggles against the   Ã‚  insurmountable, generations of audiences have found an outlet for their own hopes and fears.

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The constant development of product in the market and the continuous innovation of technology have required or opened a new opportunity for the marketers to advertise their products to the target consumers. Today, the convenience of technology is being used not only for learning and entertainment, but also for selling products in the market. Today, banner advertisement or sometimes called as ‘web banner’ is one of the most effective ways of reaching the customers anywhere in the world.Just like other forms of marketing channels, banner ad has the ability to influence the consumers’ behavior and persuade them to buy the products that the society can see on the internet. However, the sudden decision of the customers to buy the product after seeing it on screen makes banner ad most effective among other marketing communications. Unquestionably, E-commerce is one of the products of technology. The evolution of technology has influenced the marketers as well as the con sumers to find other ways of selling and purchasing.Nowadays, online marketing has been the most efficient way for the marketers in reaching their consumers and even the potential customers of the products that are being offered in the market. Effective E-Marketing Campaign Effective online marketing does not depend on the appearance of the banner ad on the internet. Although e-commerce is efficient because it has the capability of reaching the market at any given time does not mean that the marketers should disregard the other important factors of marketing.Proper evaluation and marketing research are also done in order to have a successful business and appropriate profit at the same time. Thousands of products are already advertised online and many of them have succeeded in gaining customers awareness and loyalty and are even able to expand the business by targeting more markets and penetrating more countries. However, the convenience of using the internet for marketing requires g ood concepts with appealing and persuading effects to the buyers.In other words, functionality and design are both important in online marketing, but the strategies should still be present in order to reach the expectation of the company. Even though banner ads have been accepted in the society today, the company should still consider other factors that may affect the products, the consumers’ behavior, and the company itself. Some people prefer online shopping, some rarely browse the net to search for the product that could be bought in the market, and some are just being influenced by the appearance of the web banner.Consumers’ behaviors are not being considered only by the large manufacturers; in fact, online marketing can also be risky because the business firms may not be able to reach the expectation of other segments in the market. Creativity in making web banners is important in getting the attention of the online shoppers. Some of the banner ads are too colorfu l and filled with animation while some appeared to be very simple. The design of the banner ads may be based on the product category or company’s technique in attracting the potential buyers.As marketers, observing the banner ads of other products online may give them an idea on how are they going to execute the web banner of their products. It does not mean imitating the concepts of other companies, rather getting an idea on which banner ads have the most effective online campaign and which ads did not attract their attention while browsing the net. It is also necessary that the company knows what message they would like to convey to the online shoppers. The banner ads should contain not only the image of the product but also the significance and the brand’s unique selling proposition to get the attention of the market.Controlling the file size should also be considered by the online marketers in creating the web banners. Online campaign should consider the functional ity of technology in advertising their products. Some banner ads do not reach the anticipation of the marketers because they fail in the market. In other words, the web banners are often ineffective regardless of its good colors and animation. Huge banner ad does not guarantee a successful business for the company. Sometimes bigger ads have the bigger problems in appearing online because of its file size and loaded graphics and design (King, 2009). Efficiency of Banner AdsMany companies have already reached a high level of success in the marketplace with the help of e-commerce. While some companies were able to expand their businesses, some on the other hand have failed despite the excellent promises of online marketing. Undeniably, marketing is another great opportunity for the companies in the market. Aside from having the opportunity to gain an appropriate market share, they are able to work with technology and conform to societal changes at the same time. This new technique of a dvertising is now considered as most efficient and least costly marketing communication.The accessibility of computer has created a positive impact to both marketers and consumers. With each click, the marketers are able to gain profit and the consumers are able to shop without taking up too much time and effort. The flexibility of internet is an advantage for business transactions making the cycle of marketing easier and faster. Aside from having the order in just few clicks, the company is also able to measure the effectiveness of their online campaign. Through this technique, marketers may improve the banner ads or replace them if the company noticed that it is no longer effective (Superpages.com). The images of banner ad on the net help the company in gaining brand recognition from the consumers. The web banner has the ability to leave a trademark on the consumers’ minds and even encourage the customers to buy the product that is being advertised. Although banner ads can give the customers only limited information, many marketers and consumers are still relying on its efficiency (Warren, 2009). On the other hand, a web banner still promises great opportunities of product growth and business expansion. References King, J. (2009). 10 Tips for Creating an Effective Banner Ad Campaign.Microsoft Small Business Centre. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http://www. microsoft. com/australia/smallbusiness/themes/sales-and-marketing/10_tips_for_creating_an_effective_banner_ad_campaign. mspx Superpages. com. (2007). Advantages of Online Marketing. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http://advertising. superpages. com/learning/advantages-of-online-marketing. shtml Warren, S. (2009). Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet Marketing. Ezine Articles. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http://ezinearticles. com/? Advantages-Disadvantages-Of-Inte

A Bridge to Wiseman’s cove Essay

The novel A Bridge to Wisemans Cove is about a teenage boy named Carl who is mum left him and his brother to go live with their aunt, who is cruel, selfish and gambles. This book describes how Carl and his younger brother find happiness in the most odd places. In this novel, the author raised some issues like underage drinking, body image, child abuse, gambling, young school leavers and dysfunctional families. Carls family was tearing apart from the start, from his mum occasionally leaving them to defend for themselves as beryl explains later on that mother of yours is always taking off. to finding out that all the three children have different fathers. And Sarah their sister also leaves realizing that they could only make her life worse. The effects of Carls dysfunctional family are vast leaving kids feeling left out and alone, trapped in something that they dont like. Child abuse was a relatively big thing in this book centring the affects that aunt Beryl has on both Harley and Carl, but mostly Harley. She did not want Harley to leave the house. At one end it was looped in the window frame. At the other, met a pair of handcuffs. This is how she kept Harley at home by chaining him up. To where their mum abandons them because she cannot handle looking after them. Child abuse in this book is quite relevant for the teenage audience of this book. Gambling is a significant issue in this book, showing from how it can be addictive to how it almost possesses a person. Aunt Beryl had a gambling problem she had a win at the poker machines. and played almost everyday, and how beryl steels from Carl to get the money to gamble with, leaving Carl with no money for himself or Harley. Gambling is an awful habit that in many cases is hard to escape from and has a big impact on not just one person but friends and family. Body image was also brought up throughout the book. Describing how someone who is unhappy with themselves like Carl and Justine, Carls friend, can still have a good self image and feel good about themselves instead of hiding it. It also reflects on how Carl and Justine have something close,  something to relate to with each other. stomach bulging through the lines of his buttons describes how Carl sees himself in the mirror. Body image is a major topic in any teenagers life and it is great to see that James moloney has relised that and brought it out as a message in his book. Underage drinking is another topic in this novel describing how teenagers are not responsible with alcohol, but try to imagine that they are. Like Maddie (Justines friend) who became drunk on New Years by sculling a mix of rum and coke. It was Just rum and coke, like everyone else, but it didnt have the same effect to everyone else. Underage drinking is a problem that occurs in many teenagers lives and in some cases ruins their lives. Leaving school early is what Carl had to do when he moved to Wisemans Cove after aunt beryls greedy mind took possession of Carls life and made him go get a job instead on going to school, because aunt beryl wanted the money to go gamble with. Harley on the other hand was able to go to school only so he was out of aunt beryls face for the day. Carl was forced to get a job on the barge with aunt beryl squeezing every dollar out of him. With Carl being fifteen years old it was hard for him to get a job but after helping joy (Maddies mum) he was able to help on the barge. I didnt want to take you on.. Skip Duncan complained to Carl about not wanting to work with him. School is one of the essentials for a teenager and you cant just force one to loose the lack of education so easy. A Bridge to Wisemans Cove certainly raises the awareness of alcohol, child abuse, body image and how you feel about yourself, gambling, how families sometimes break up and how leaving school early can ruin some peoples life. I think that this book is great, making people relies that there are problems occurring out there that are usually hidden and un heard or until it is to late. Bibliography – www.bookrags.com/ A Bridge to Wiseman’s Cove Essay ‘With it’s sight restored at last, the bird jerked it’s head sideways to look at Carl and then Joy, as though it was asking, is it true? Am I free?’ James Moloney uses the image of the osprey in several ways throughout the novel. The main technique in which it is represented, is the emotion of the characters finally feeling free in there own way. The first use of the image of the osprey is shown when Carl’s mother Kerry would always leave to go on one of her ‘holiday’s’. I believe that she went on these holidays to make herself feel free. To go away for a few days and leave her real life. But in fact she was never really free. Even on her holidays she always knew that she would eventually have to come back to reality, to her children. It’s not that she didn’t love her kids, she did. Perhaps she just couldn’t handle the stress of having to raise three children as a single parent or maybe just having them around was holding her back. During the prelude of the novel an unknown women gets on board a bus. She waits out of sight and sneaks on the bus when the driver is pre-occupied. She does not have a ticket and no one knows who she is. ‘The driver gunned the engine, commanding its throaty roar and the bus pulled away from the roadhouse into the sea of darkness. Only then did the women sit up and permit herself a smile’ At the end of the novel we find out that this women was Kerry. She was on her way back to her children when the bus she was on drowned into the ocean. In the moment that Kerry died, came the realization that she knew she was finally free. Sarah, Carl’s sister also finds the courage to leave and set herself free. Free from living her own life. Since Sarah was old enough to remember she would always have to depend on herself not her mother. When her mother would leave she would have to look after Carl and Harley as though they were her own. She states in the book ‘I’m only nineteen years old. I’ve got my own life. By the time Harley’s old enough to take care of himself, I’ll be thirty.’ Although I don’t agree with the way Sarah went about just dropping Harley and Carl off at their Aunt Beryl’s, I agree that she has her own life to live and she needed to escape. Consequently, setting herself free. The image of the osprey is shown in a major way within Carl. In many ways the osprey is a mirror image of Carl, in its appearance, pain, suffering, recovery and how it is set free. The image of the osprey is remarkably similar to that of Carl’s. It was a, ‘large bird, brown and grey, its head covered by a canvas hood.’ The description of the osprey matches some aspects of Carl’s body and personality. Carl was a large boy, miserable like the colour grey and he was shy like a hood covering his head. This was because he did not want to see what people responded to his body. He was ashamed of himself and the name his family had. Although by the end of the book Carl realizes that he finally has new friends and a new family. He finds that people like him and that they ignore that he is a Matt. ‘My name is Carl Matt. M-A-T-T.’ Carl screams his name out to the world, he doesn’t care anymore. Carl was free. Free of his worries, free of his fears. He is free from the curse that everyone says he and his family has. He could let go of his sorrowful past and be alive just like how the osprey let go of its painful past and began to fly once again. The way the osprey spread it’s wings and took its first beat against the wind symbolizes the emotions rushing through Carl when he finds out his mum truly did love him and Harley. The journey of the osprey mirrored Carl’s personal life. The osprey was set free in a way that makes Carl feel alive. The image of the osprey is used to represent the characters feeling free. It mainly symbolizes as a metaphor for Carl’s life. The osprey is free from being injured by people by being nurtured from Justine and Joy. Carl was also getting injured by people. Throughout his whole life people were hurting him. Kerry, his mother, Beryl, his aunt, his older sister Sarah and kids calling him names about him weight. When he met Justine and Joy, they saved him. They made him feel alive. They set him free. A Bridge to Wiseman’s Cove Essay A bridge to wiseman’s cove, by James Moloney is a novel about a young man named Carl Matt; it goes through all the difficulties he faces during his life on wattle beach. At the beginning of this novel, the importance of family seems to be the main theme, however, as the story continues, other themes are introduced such as knowing the difference between wrong and right, how one views himself, in other words body image, abandonment, the need for love, neglect, loneliness and many more. Right from the beginning of the story the reader is introduced to some of the fundamental characters of the novel such as Kerry, the mother of Carl, his younger brother Harley and his older sister Sarah. From as early as the first few chapters the theme of abandonment is introduced when Kerry decides to abandon Carl and his two other siblings. But this isn’t the last time you read about abandonment it seems to be a reoccurring event. It is soon discovered that Kerry was also abandoned by her three previous boyfriends that she had a child each with! Sarah then tells Carl and Harley that they will be spending their holidays with their Aunt Beryl in Wattle beach while she goes on a holiday of her own. Its not long till they realise that Sarah won’t be coming back from her holiday any time soon, meaning Carl has been abandoned once again. Once you think no one else could leave Carl, Harley leaves him too live with the Duncan’s family, while living with beryl for him becomes unbearable. Being abandoned so many times, Carl is left feeling hurt, confused and neglected! This is where the themes loneliness and the need for love come in. When Carl first arrives, he is miserable and lonely: â€Å"alone in the park, Carl wishes he was a concrete statute, set there for the birds to sit on. No thoughts, no cares, no pain, just years of weathering in the sun and rain until there was nothing more† (pg. 29) He is later told by Justine that he has been â€Å"playing dead† (p. 184). Carl finally admits that he is hurt inside by what he is mother has done, and he doesn’t even know if he is loved or not. He explains to Justine that â€Å"there’s something broken inside of me. Every time I try open up it hurts and I have to stop† (p. 278). â€Å"I’m angry.  All the time it was that one fear. That she didn’t love me.† (p. 232) Carl is big, awkward, and well aware of his body. The Oxford dictionary defines â€Å"body image† as the subjective picture or mental image of one’s own body. For Carl body image is important, other then being low is self esteem, he is so self-conscience of what other people might say or think about him he wore a t-shirt when he went swimming to protect himself from public humiliation, â€Å"he was ashamed of his fleshly bulges in front of the war-painted life savers† (p. 44). As a defence mechanism Carl would often draw his arms to his stomach in order to hide it when he felt uncomfortable (p. 45) and this shows that his body image is always in his thoughts.

Soccer Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Soccer - Speech or Presentation Example It focuses less on the items, and more on the people who play it. Football is a life changer. As Pele, arguably the greatest footballer of all time, said, â€Å"I hope that all young people in the world are inspired by some of the positive lessons I learned in my life about overcoming obstacles, expressing creative flair, taking care of your health, and encouraging teamwork, loyalty and honesty. These are things that have an impact on, and beyond, the football field.† What I am saying today is not a radical new idea. Organizations from around the world are seeing the impact that football has on the children of this world. Football Programs for Kids by KidsHealth.org and the African push for promoting sports under the banner letsplay.org are just a few examples of that. Why football? Because, in football, every person goes down at some time; it is up to him decide to get up and it is up to his teammates to tell him he is worth it – that he has to get up! This is what hap pens to everyone in life too. You fall. You have to get up. Some people don’t get up at all. Some people get up slow. Some people get back up instantly. It is all about will. And it is all about whether someone can inspire you to get up or not. That is what football teaches you – to help others, to focus on what you need to do to get back up yourself, to train hard and play harder.

Analyse the critical HR actions multinational corporations should take Essay

Analyse the critical HR actions multinational corporations should take to facilitate expatriate adjustmen - Essay Example Whenever a company grows from national to multinational (MNC) to global it has to face new challenges such as organizational culture, workforce diversity, expatriates etc. These issues are unavoidable, inevitable in fact they need to be welcomed and handled properly and effectively for the overall growth and benefit of the company. This paper aims at exploring who exactly are expatriates? Are they really unavoidable and irreplaceable with the local talent? What difficulties expatriates face in acclimatizing and proving their worth? What are the chances of success? How enticing and lucrative it is to take expatriate assignment? Do the benefits outweigh the difficulties? Do only expatriates need adjustment or their fellow local colleagues as well? Why many multinational companies opt for Expatriates instead of hiring new staff in the foreign country? What steps the HR department can take in order to help facilitate the expats adjustment to the new culture, country and way of life. What is the role and responsibilities of HR in making this adjustment as quick efficient and effective as possible? It also includes a study of expatriate cycle which typically includes selection, assignment and repatriation, remuneration and evaluation of their success and failure. Expatriates why are they needed? Whenever a company decides to operate in foreign lands some very obvious differences arise between domestic HRM and International HRM. One very important aspect of international HRM is moving staff across national boundaries with international assignments in various roles to firm’s foreign operations. Such foreign employees are called expatriates. An expatriate can be defined as a individual residing and working momentarily in a country other than their resident nation, employees who have been shifted out of their home base into some other area of firm’s foreign operations. There are three categories of employees in international firms: Host country nationals (H CNs) Parent country nationals (PCNs) Third country nationals (TCNs) PCNs are always expatriates and TCNs are also expatriates but HCNs can become expatriates if they are transferred into parent company operations outside their home country. 1(Peter J 2008) International Assignment creates expatriates HCNs HCNs National border PCNs PCNs TCNs National border The need for expatriates is not questionable for most of the MNE’s . Expatriate have the required technical skill, knowledge and expertise to supervise, assist and monitor local operations. Most of the negativity associated with expatriates is because of the high cost involved. Still most of the MNE’s believe in the cadre of high performance expatriates and are in search of people who are ready for an international business career. What they need to do is to motivate these people to perform well and while capitalizing on their skills improve their outlook and prepare them for their foreign assignment. 2(Daniels, 2007 ) Foreign assignments can be beneficial both for the person and the company. For the individual the following benefits can be seen. 3(K. Aswathappa, 2008) Increased experience of working with different cultures, personnel and work / life styles, this will make the employee more marketable and will improve his outlook. The expatriate is most likely to benefit from tax reductions. Most organizations offer their employees an expat package which

Bhagavad Gita or The Divine Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bhagavad Gita or The Divine Song - Essay Example A majority of the sacred texts or scriptures have been composed in the Sanskrit language and are commonly classified into two classes, Sruti and Smriti. Sruti means that which has been heard. Vedas which are the earliest record of the Hindu scriptures belong to this class. Hindu texts other than the Shrutis are collectively called the Smritis which means "memory". The most notable among the Smritis are the epics such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The Bhagavad Gita is a part of the Mahabharata can be considered as belonging to the Smriti class. On the other hand, many consider Gita as a Sruti because its contents are quite ancient and have been taken from the Upanishads. In fact, the Bhagavad Gita is also known as the Gitopanishad. Incidentally, in Ch. 4 of the Gita there is a mention about the knowledge in the Gita being very ancient and traditionally being transmitted orally, implying that Gita is a Sruti. The Bhagavad Gita is one of the most sacred scriptures and for Hindus, it is an authoritative work on the fundamental philosophy of Hinduism. Scriptures can be defined as texts that are considered sacred by religions and are of central importance to religions. Many religions believe that scriptures are texts that have been inspired by the divine. Bhagavad Gita is a scripture if you consider these parameters. It is sacred to the Hindus; it is an inspirational dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna. It is central to Hindu philosophy. The Gita has two main topics: yoga-sastra and brahma-vidya.

THE AMERICAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Vs. THE EUROPEAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Pre-K Assignment

THE AMERICAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Vs. THE EUROPEAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Pre-K to 12 GRADE ONLY - Assignment Example educational system is the fact that geographic and cultural differences can have a profound effect on the way that information and education in general is imparted to the shareholder. Obviously this is evident in a range of cultures and even on the micro scale between one county or region to the next; however, it is particularly evident between the United States and Europe. Understanding some of the key determinants as to why this has taken place to the extent that it has is both important and helpful to the educator as it provides a clear level of analysis into the means by which one system establishes itself based upon a different set of values and approaches than another. As a function of this particular level of inquiry, the analysis will seek to view the issue from a historical and sociological approach as well as viewing the different methods in their native environments and seeking to draw inference with regards to the means by which a combination approach is observed and how it ultimately functions. By seeking to integrate with the reader on all of these levels, it is the hope of this author that the educator will not only be made aware of key differences between the United States and European model but that they will also be able to seek to understand a few of the benefits and shortcomings that each model exhibits as a means of incorporating further strength into their own classroom or research experience. As a function of this, the first aspect of the key differentials that exist among the systems of the United States and Europe’s educational models is to seek to understand how and why a seemingly homogenous culture that was more or less established by Europeans has strayed so greatly from the European model of education. One does not need to look very heard to understand that the two greatest reasons for this are geographic separation as well as the result of the Revolutionary War. As a function of the fact that the population of the United

Consumer behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer behavior - Research Paper Example The activities may include where and how people purchase commodities. The purchaser plays both the role of a user, financier and buyer of a product. This unit examines the comparison and distinction between consumer behavior models in Canada and Saudi Arabia and tries to answer if universal consumer behaviors are present in all cultures. Consumer behavior models are vastly used in the prediction of product advertisement by marketers in Saudi Arabia and Canada. Consumer behavior techniques help marketers in manipulating the attitudes of a consumer in purchasing a product in both countries. The objective for this paper is to analyze evaluate and contrast the consumer behavior and Canada. Cooperate credibility plays a crucial role in the influencing of consumer behavior models in Saudi Arabia. Secondly, Advertisement has a force in the consumer behavior models in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is recognized to be the chief advertising market in the Middle East, and this is exceedingly depicted in its consumer behavior. Lastly, Literature assessment also influences the consumer behavior in Saudi Arabia, since it influences how consumer behavior like attitude towards a product. Internet economy plays a crucial function in pressuring the consumer behavior models in Canada. The internet economy is responsible for the lag or de velopment in the consumer behavior models in the country like in the online retail transaction. The lag in Canada may be closed by a better internet economy like the Google, since Canadians will be able to market their products online. The negative slope noticed in the consumer behavior model, in Canada, may be as a result of the reluctant nature of the small and medium scale businesses. The consumer behavior model in Canada can be changed if their government creates incentives like the internet economy to impersonation. Saudi’s population is a highly sociable and interact able population. The majority of the

Marriege & Family Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marriege & Family - Assignment Example Young girls and boys are taught how to view marriage as a lifetime commitment and prepare adequately for it. I was fortunate enough to learn the values that should govern the marriage institution from a tender age. When I became of age and was ready to get married, I knew that I needed to find someone who could complete my life. I was well aware that I needed to have good qualities so that I could have something to contribute to my marriage. Therefore, I began to cultivate good qualities that define a noble wife before I got married. When I met my husband, I did not rush into a relationship. I ensured that I got to know him well enough and understood his strengths and weaknesses. Before we got married, we prepared adequately for our union. The most critical preparation was making decisions that could define our lives in marriage (Rubio 44). For example, were clear about the number of children we wanted to have, as well as how we would share responsibilities within our family. I ensured that we had similar perspectives regarding the most important aspects of life. Notably, two people cannot have exactly the same perspectives. However, some fundamental issues in marriage cannot work out if people have different perspectives. When I was sure that I could spend my life with him, we began to formalize our relationship. Finally, we held a beautiful wedding that marked the beginning of our marriage. We held a church wedding that symbolized our commitment before God and people. Therefore, it was obvious that separation or divorce was not an option from the start. My culture has strong values attached to marriage and does not condone divorce. The men in our society have learned to appreciate the social views concerning marriage. In addition, our men are willing to make marriages possible. In addition, the cost of marrying a woman is too high to consider divorce. Although many people may consider our society highly

Gender and Sexual Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender and Sexual Studies - Essay Example Thirdly, racism and ethnic background are important aspects governing the professions (Kempadoo 10). Sex workers and domestic workers move from their native countries in search of better economic activity (Kempadoo and Mahdavi). In other words, sex work and domestic work are used to generate income that is aimed at the family’s welfare and survival (Kempadoo 4). Fourthly, some of the participants in the professions are victims of human trafficking and are often mistreated and beaten in carrying out their duties (Mahdavi 63). Fifthly, a considerable number of those who were interviewed detest their work and practice it as they lack a better option (Mahdavi 77). Finally, most of the participants are young women from countries with poor economic conditions resulting from globalization (Mahdavi 63). Misperceptions about These Careers. Most professions in the world have prevalent misconceptions which spread across the globe. The first misconception about domestic work and sex work is that people tend to think that all the partakers of the profession were forced, therefore conclude that all transnational workers were trafficked and recruited into the professions against their will (Mahdavi 62). Most certainly, there are those who are victims of this crime, but on the contrary there are those who willingly engage in these jobs. The second misperception views sex work and domestic work as an identity rather than sources of income. This notion has impeded the recognition of sex work and domestic work as labor thereby prevents probable protections that can strengthen labor laws relating to the professions. Last but not least, there is a worldwide misconception that ending trafficking is relying on the demand for sex. (Mahdavi 63). This is wrong since it assumes that trafficking is synonymous to sex work and domestic work (Mahdavi 63). Reasons for Heightened Vulnerability in this Profession. Consequentially, sex workers and domestic workers are prone to abuse from their employers, family members and other people in the environment. Some cases have been reported however, most of them are not reported to the relevant authorities. There are various reasons to resulting to this. On one, side, sex workers work in a male dominated world, and they are often mistreated and viewed as objects of pleasure (Mahdavi 63). Both professions lack legitimacy and recognition thus increasing vulnerability of the workers (Kempadoo 3). The society has tainted the profession and do not accord the much needed respect. These workers work in a poor working environment, face identity issues in society and suffer from human rights abuse (Mahdavi 3). These women migrate from their home countries in order to stay away from economic problems and opt to go through hardships so long as they can generate income (Mahdavi 76). Additionally, sex workers and domestic workers are prone to abuse since people tend to think they are in a desperate situation. Since they are in a despe rate situation, they have to accept all manner of abuse from the people they interact with. These two industries are marred by high levels of racism and ethnicity hence workers from some parts of the world are prone to discrimination (Mahdavi 81). There are no clear policies with regards to domestic work and sex work. As a result, the perpetrators will continue abusing sex and domestic work

Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Everyday Use by Alice Walker - Essay Example Mama decides to send Dee to school and when the latter comes back to visit them, she seems to be a changed woman. On the one hand, she respects rural life more, as she covets different rural things. On the other hand, she remains condescending in her attitude toward her family. The plot concerns the summary of life of Mama and her girls and Dee’s return from college life. Walker shows the theme of rural versus urban beliefs and lifestyles, the conflict of interests between modern and traditional cultures, as the traditional insist on functionalism, while the modern insists on objectification of the rural life, and the similarities of Dee to white oppressors. Urban life and rural life clash with each other. Mama loves her rural life and upbringing. The rural setting is her life and she is comfortable inside it. The exposition part of the story is when Mama describes her relationships with her daughters. Her relationship with Dee is tensed, since the latter hates their rural lif e. Mama is more at ease with Maggie, because she is a farm girl herself, but she does not like it that Maggie has no self-confidence at all. It can be also seen from Mama’s voice that she is proud of what she can do as a farmer: â€Å"I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open fire minutes after it comes steaming from the hog.† She clearly takes pride in what she does. Like Maggie, however, she does not finish school and remain illiterate all her life. Dee wants an urban lifestyle. When she learns to read, she reads to her family, but with such an arrogant manner: â€Å"She used to read to us without pity; forcing words, lies, other folks' habits, whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice.† Dee has such as sharp disdain for her own family, because they are poor and ignorant. The story also remarks of the conflict of interests between modern and traditional cultures . Conflict begins, when Dee wanted to take the quilts that Grandma Dee and Big Dee made. Mama refused to give it to her, because she promised these quilts as her gift for Maggie’s forthcoming wedding. Dee insisted on having her way, as usual, and Maggie gave in to Dee, but Mama did something extraordinary. The climax of the story is when mama insister her will upon Dee. She must have never done it before, and as a result, she also shows a precedent to Maggie that she cannot allow anyone to just push her around, especially when she also deserves her own place on earth. Because of this argument, Maggie got her quilts back. The story is written from the viewpoint of Mama. The language and structure reproduce the rural beliefs, practices, and attitudes of Mama. It is a story that describes the simple pleasures and needs of rural people, who are content with who they are and what they are doing with their life. This story also reveals that Dee is parallel to the white oppressors t hat Mama hates. Dee also looks down on her own family and believes that they are not making more of themselves. She sees herself as a superior being, because she is educated and â€Å"learned† about the importance of heritage. Despite her education, she has no â€Å"real† breeding, because she did not learn how to respect her family and their simple dreams and happiness in life. The resolution of the story occurs when Maggie and Mama relax after Dee left: â€Å"

Love Malin problems related to hunger and life and death Case Study

Love Malin problems related to hunger and life and death - Case Study Example On a more specific ground, Mali, a nation in the West Africa is evaluated and assessed on the basis of its problems related to hunger, life and death. There are numerous causes of deaths in Mali. Most of them are: accidents, wars, homicides and diseases (Dettwyler, 1994). These causes are just but general, are the same as in the rest of the world. Therefore, there are unique conditions that accelerate Mali’s problems in relation to the three variables aforementioned. The distinctive reasons are intertwined to explain the gap between this nation and the rest of Africa, as well as with the rest of the world. On the same note, anthropology has a role to play. Malnutrition is a common problem in Mali. Lack of proper nutrition among both children and adults has been a result of extensive hunger across the country. There are little or no efforts by the government to resolve this issue, so affording proper meals is a hustle by itself. Over and above the hunger issue there are certain diseases that have kept this country cornered. They are: malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases. Malian problems mostly impact young children since they are adversely affected by malaria. Biomedicine has fundamental role to play here, but the core values of the Malian culture are a significant stumbling block. There are some efforts in pursuit to address the Malian problem. Some have succeeded while others have failed. The impact characteristic of these efforts depicts collaboration with the locals in order to deal with the problem from their perspective. Malian condition of hunger, life and death makes its impacts across personal and social boundaries. There are social, economic, political and psychological effects of these problems. Emotional stress, tragedies and frustrations are often experienced by locals prior to problems that relate to hunger, life and death. These problems cannot be simply addressed by taking

Write a position paper for President Assad of Syria on the curent Essay

Write a position paper for President Assad of Syria on the curent foreign policy dilemmas facing his country, setting out at least three viable policy options for the future - Essay Example What are the major foreign policy issues facing Syria today? As with all of our neighbors, the American decision to invade Iraq and overthrow a fellow Ba’athist regime in Iraq has presented a variety of new challenges. Contending with a pro-American regime in Iraq is something which we have had to understand since 2004 and this represents an important foreign policy challenge. Lebanon, a neighbor and Arab brotherly state, has recently asserted its independence in regional and domestic affairs and the result has been a lessening of Syrian influence in the region. The invasion of Iraq and the establishment of a pro-US government in that country has had a variety of regional ramifications. Finally, the constant belligerent relationship with Israel remains one of the most protracted foreign policy issues facing Syria today (Bloom, 2005; Zubaida, 2002). As I see it, there are three major policy options for Syria in the short to long-term. The first relates to Lebanon and the dwindling influence of Syria in this country. While we continue to exert influence in Lebanon through a variety of proxy sources as well as through the Hezbollah Resistance Movement, Syria must maintain its regional supremacy through an active Lebanon policy which ensures that Lebanon remains pliant to the wishes of its Syrian neighbor and remains decidedly pro-Arab in its inclinations as opposed to pro-Western. This will be a challenge to maintain in a new 21st century in which national assertiveness is expressed in Beirut but we must continue to maintain a foothold in Lebanon in order to remain effective. Another important policy option encompasses our relationship with the United States and its aggressive foreign policy in the Middle East. American aggression in Israel is threatening to Syria but after years of isolation we may have little choice but to warm

Human Relations Managing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Relations Managing - Research Paper Example Trade unions are a collection of individual, who join it, in order to attain freedom from varied types of unfair practices within the organization such as unfair wages, unfair environment, improper treatment etc. However, the trade unions help to the employees to attain their desires and needs through vigorous negotiation and communication with the employees of the organization. By doing so, the level of performance of the employees gets enhanced resulting in the upliftment of their productivity and performance. Apart from this, the trade unions help to maintain a good relationship among the employees thereby enhancing the rate of coordination and cooperation among them. As a result, the level of performance of the employees enhances resulting in amplification of the total productivity and reliability of the organization in the market among others. However, due to the improvement of the relationship of the employee and the employer the level of retention of the employees also gets en hanced to a significant extent (Claydon, 2003, pp. 334-356). Therefore, due to the retention of the experienced staffs within the organization, the intensity to develop varied types of inventive products and services also gets enhanced. Hence, the organization becomes able to satisfy the changing needs and demands of the customers. However, the trade union is entirely different from the concept of employer’s organizations. Employer’s organization is described as a group of employees, operating in a similar segment.

The importance of Consderation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The importance of Consderation - Essay Example Still, most systems of law require evidence of the intention of the parties. The evidence of intention is supplied by consideration. In addition, consideration is important in social interactions since one cannot gauge how personal actions affect others (Raatma & Murphy, 2000). Consideration is appreciated because it shows concern for other people. It is also essential to avoid unexpected outcomes. A thoughtful consideration of unplanned consequences avoids irreparable harm to existing relationships. The promise of a man to marry a woman is treated as a legally-binding contract. If this contract is breached, an action is taken for the damages. In the consideration of an engagement, a person may decide to use the terms used in contracting. Firstly, the task must be clear. This involves consideration of why the engagement is imperative to both partners and the views and opinions of the other partner towards marriage. Secondly, the purpose of the engagement must be clarified. Naturally, marriage is a long-term commitment. Clarification helps confirm that both partners are ready for such a commitment to avoid consequences such as a divorce. The third step involves identification of the object. Before a man proposes, it is appropriate to ensure that the chosen partner is the right person. After that, one selects the engagement technique. Choose a technique that is agreeable and best suited for the partner. Lastly, an engagement plan is formulated. This should not be a complex plan, b ut clear and straightforward plan of one’s intentions of commitment (Sullivan,

WaterAid UK. Operational Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WaterAid UK. Operational Management - Essay Example The global strategy for WaterAid is to offer strategic perspective for building on this experience and integrating equity, as well as, inclusion in all areas of operation The company implemented the global strategy, with four significant aims of carrying out effective business to address sanitation and water crisis. One of the main objectives is to ensure that more than 25 millions of people across the globe have access to safe and clean water. They also focus on hygiene improvements, sanitation objective and also influencing government policies and practices in order to reach more than 100 million people globally. The organizational mission is transforming lives of people across the areas where they operate. The crucial services emphasizes human development and transform lives; thus enabling people to overcome poverty, as well as, enable them to access their human right effectively. The organization operates in more than 23 countries and the company offer support to their local part nership organizations. This is crucial because they aim to deliver sustainable water and services to all areas; thus improving sanitation. They also operate alongside their partners in order to influence effective decision making vital for improving investments and delivery of sanitation and water services to the population living under poverty level; therefore, to achieve their objectives, the company focuses to a wider context impacting sanitation and water services including marginalized communities, urbanization, unpredictable climatic changes, and political instabilities, as well as, stressed water resources. The company operates in unique way by focusing the challenges they face; thus finds solution of overcoming them through offering effective service delivery. They also have unique ways of developing and monitoring performance level. This strategy has been implemented through detailed operational plans and monitored with an aim of increasing effective performance. The human resource manager of the organization has made significant efforts of implementing a sustainability framework, which was piloted through the 2011 to 2012 post-implementation studies. Bratton and Gold (2010. P. 34) reveal the significance roles that manager play in an organization including training, encouraging teamwork, communicating effective and effective listening; thus contributing to successful performance of the company. Therefore, the WaterAid human resource manager has made significant efforts of partnering with others in creating an efficient operational management team in order to deliver sustainable services. Staff and volunteer management The company has varied staff workers and other volunteer groups who work together as a team to deliver effective services. Subba and Kumar (2010, p. 23) argue that working together as team in the management of resources of company activities can contribute to effective business performance. This is crucial because it has enabled the com pany to deliver equitable services across the regions where they operate. Moreover, the current company manager, Jeremy Pelczer employs unique leadership styles of managing both tangible and intangible resources of the company. Gold (2010, p. 102) argue that successful leaders should employee effective leadership styles that can enable them to deliver valuable services. They also have the board of directors who offer great opportunities and the shareholders also played key significant roles of supporting the company towards achieving the organizational mission. In addition, they have volunteer groups of people including the

Supporting children in making choices Essay Example for Free

Supporting children in making choices Essay It is the beginning of the new school year. The class teacher and yourself need to speak to the new class about the kind of behaviour you expect to see in the class. You have decided that you will involve the pupils in discussing a set of class rules. Why might this be a worthwhile exercise? This exercise would be worthwhile because it shows that you are trusting the children to help you make suggestions to the rules that are going to be set for the rest of the school year, the children will pick rules that they think should be set in the class and the choices they should make while in the class to respect others around them, they can then be put up around the classroom to remind them of the rules that they set at the beginning of the year. What support would you need to give the pupils? I would remind them of things like others feelings and others opinions if doing a group discussion, I would ask them to include things they would like other people to do to them if they where talking or working as part of a team. Have you been involved in similar activities in your own school? At the beginning of the school year we had a circle time discussion about what the children thought our classroom rules should be and why? The rules where then copied up and put on display in the classroom.

Meditation on Yellow by Olive Senior Essay Example for Free

Meditation on Yellow by Olive Senior Essay Olive Senior is a Jamaican poet who explores Caribbean history. Her poetry often conveys her displeasure of colonization and the suffering Caribbean people endured. Meditation on Yellow explores the colonization and exploitation process carried out by the Europeans. This poem strong conveys Senior discontentment as it relates to the exploitation of the land and the Amerindian tribe. It through the use of symbolism, language and repetition the brutality of colonization is conveyed. Symbolism is used to portray the harsh reality of colonization. In Meditation on Yellow yellow is symbolic of the innocence of the Amerindians and the purity in their mind and soul upon encountering the Whites. This is noted in the phrase but we were peaceful then child-like in the yellow dawn of our innocence. The fact that these Amerindians had no idea of what was to come their way and that they offered the best of what they had to the Europeans makes this encounter even more sad and advantageous. Furthermore, yellow is symbolic of sickness and infection. This is reflect in the minds of the Europeans as it was infected with the yearning for wealth and power. Due to this infection the Amerindian we turned into slaves, the land was exploited and the Europeans began colonization. The use of symbolism conveys the extremes which these two set of people existed, the Amerindian being kind and pure and the Europeans being cold-hearted and greedy. Seniors use of language is certainly a powerful tool in expressing her displeasure as it relates to the enslavement of the Amerindians. Throughout the poem she uses sarcasm and humor which highlights her mocking and belittling of the Europeans. The phrase had I known I would have brewed up some yellow fever grass and arsenic is an example of sarcasm. In this phrase there is a contrast between the gesture of hospitality of ethnic which is the fever grass and the bitter sinister intentions of killing the Europeans with the arsenic poison. The sarcasm continues in the phrase despite the differences in our skins, our piss was exactly the same shade of yellow. This highlights that regardless of ethnic and racial differences we are all the same. The striking, crude comparison stresses the need for equality and for readers to take note. Furthermore Olive Senior educates us that these Amerindian displayed passive resistance as they deliberately burnt the bread of the Europeans since they we treated badly. The phrase for which management apologizes certainly indicates they there was no remorse or sorry for these actions. The use of sarcasm highlight Seniors hatred towards the colonization process and her view on the Europeans. Repetition is also used to place emphasis on the greedy and materialistic nature of the Europeans. This type of repetition is known as anaphora. The line but it was gold in your mind gold in your eyes gold in the crown .. gold the prize highlights the obsession these Europeans had with gold and their gluttonous nature. Moreover, their unreasonable wants and desires are also highlighted through repetition. This is noted in the line want it strong wan it long want it black want it black want it green want it dread. Additionally there was repetition in the in line silver was you armor silver the cross of your Lord silver the bullet I bite This repetition emphasizes the many different forms of silver and the destruction that the silver symbolizes . The silver was representative of Iron Age Technology and represents the Europeans military superiority over the stone age Amerindians. Collectively the repetition of these lines alerts readers of the suffering these Amerindians endured to please the cold hearted Europeans. The use of these techniques clearly depicts Seniors displeasure and the unfortunate struggles of colonization.

Muscular Dystrophy Disease

Muscular Dystrophy Disease Muscular Dystrophy Muscular dystrophy is when you have thin and weak muscles. You usually fall frequently and you run very strange. You have difficulty getting up and you cant sit up straight. It usually affects boys (rarely girls). â€Å"People with Muscular Dystrophy have incorrect or missing information in their genes.† The symptoms of muscular dystrophy are when you have poor balance and you cant walk straight. Sometimes you can have a curve on your spine; kind of like scoliosis. You tend to walk on your toes because you cant put your feet flat. You cant even climb stairs. If the Childs heart and breathing muscles get weak, they could die before reaching the age 20 from heart failure or pneumonia. In 1830 Sir Charles Bells discovered that Muscular Dystrophy is an x-linked genetic disorder that causes children to have progressive muscle weakness; most boys inherit this mutation from their mothers. People are born with this problem. Its not contagious and you cant catch it from someone else who has it. Some people develop this disease when they are adults. But usually, the signs of a child having muscular dystrophy appear around the ages three to five. There are many different type of muscular dystrophies. Such as, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker dystrophy, Emery- Dreifuss Muscular dystrophy, Myotonic muscular dystrophy, Limb- Gridle dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Congenital dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and Distal muscular dystrophy. Duchenne Dystrophy occurs 2 out of every 10,000 young men. It is the most severe disease out of all of the muscular dystrophies. It occurs mostly in young boys that affects children today. The signs and symptoms of muscular dystrophy may include sudden falls, Large calf muscles, difficulty getting up when lying or sitting down, difficulty running or jumping, weak leg muscles, and â€Å" Mild mental retardation, in some cases â€Å". Becker muscular dystrophy is milder than Duchene. It affects older boys and young men, but it progresses slower than others. The signs and the symptoms of Becker dystrophy are similar to Duchenne except that Becker usually appears between the ages 12 to 16. But the latest it can appear is around the ages 25 to 30. This disease can also cause severe heart problems. Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy can appear in your early childhood or teenage years and it can only affect males. â€Å"It causes muscle weakness and wasting in the shoulders, upper arms, and lower legs.† There can also be life threatening heart problems to the carriers. Such as the mothers, the sisters and the daughters. â€Å"Muscle shortening (contractures) occur early in this disease.† It can weaken your chest and pelvic muscles; that means that when you breathe, it is hard to inhale oxygen because your muscles dont let you move your chest. This progresses slowly, but it causes less muscle weakness than other muscular dystrophies. Myotonic muscular dystrophy is the most common in adults. â€Å"It affects both men and women and it can appear from any time from early childhood to adulthood. In some rare cases it can appear in newborns.† This symptom can get worse in cold temperatures. It not only affects your whole body but it affects your nervous system (the brain). Which means it is going to affect your hormones and how you do simple things. Because your brain is like the command center, a normal person can go through puberty and do simple things like picking up a phone. But when you have these diseases, you cant grow and you cant do certain things because your brain has a dysfunction. Limb-gridle can appear in the early teens and early adulthood and it can affect males and females. â€Å"Limb-girdle causes progressive weakness that begins in the hips and moves to the shoulders, arms, and legs.† In 20 years, walking can be almost impossible. Sufferers are able to live there late adulthood. Facioscapulohumeral affects the face, shoulder blade, and the upper arm bone. â€Å"This form of muscular dystrophy appears in the teens to early adulthood and affects males and females.† You can have short periods and rapid deterioration. The percentage is very mild for you to be completely disabled. About 50% of the people that suffer from this disease can walk their whole lives; they can usually live a normal life span. People with Congenital muscular dystrophy are born with problem and it can affect either male or female. The doctors can figure out if the baby has muscular dystrophy in the first few months of the Childs life or at birth. â€Å"Along with severe and early contractures.† You can often have seizures when you get older. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy can appear in men and women in there 40s, 50s and 60s. It causes weakness in the eye and face muscles, which may lead to difficulty swallowing and sometimes choking. â€Å"Weakness in pelvic and shoulder muscles may occur later. Distal dystrophy is one of the rare forms of muscular dystrophy that affects both men and women. It causes muscle weakness in the forearm, hands, lower legs, and feet. Generally, distal dystrophy is less severe and it progresses very slowly than others. Muscular dystrophy is dominant trait. And the expectancy of muscular dystrophy ranges from 2-40 years old. â€Å"The overall frequency of all LGMD (limb-gridle) syndromes has been estimated to be 5-70 per 1 million populations in several countries.† But muscular dystrophy is most common in Brazil. There is no cure for muscular dystrophy but doctors and scientists are working hard to find one. â€Å"Some are even trying to fix the defective genes that lead to muscular dystrophy so they will make the right proteins. Others are trying to make chemicals that will act like these proteins in the body.† Things that will help Muscular Dystrophy Certain exercises such as physical therapy can help them with stiffening muscles near the joints. Some times teens use special braces to â€Å"ensure flexible joints and tendons.† Surgery is some times used to reduce pain. Medication can help sometimes. People with heart problems are very important that heart specialists monitor their heart.

Relationship between life expectancy and various factors

Relationship between life expectancy and various factors Many factors have been proved to be related to the life expectancy of people. This paper examines the relationship between the geographical position people live, their genders, per capita GDP and their life expectancy, using the cross-state data in the United States in 2000. In our research, controlling for per capita income and the gender, we find that the geographical position people live in are strongly correlated how long they can live: life expectancy in Hawaii exceeds that in Southern America by as much as four years. Also, based on our research, the females in the States typically live longer than males by five years. These coefficients are significant. 1 Introduction Academics and medical experts have long been curious about what factors will affect the local life expectancy and health. Academics hold different opinions towards this question. Some scholars, using a cross-country, time-series data on health and income per capita, showed that wealthier countries tend to be healthier (Lant Pritchett and Lawrence H. Summers)  [1]  ; some scholars suggest that particular air pollution may be a potential causes for decrease in life expectancy (Jaakko Nevalainena and Juha Pekkanen)  [2]  ; some scholars have found some diseases correlated with life expectancy, such as Obesity (A. Peeters, J.P. Mackenbach, L. Bonneux)  [3]  . However, previous research does not answer the simple question that when the productivity and per capita income is high enough, what is the effect of per capita income on life expectancy. Also they fail to analyze how people living in different geographical positions with comparable income differ in their life expectancy . This is what this paper will focus on. In this paper, we use the state-level data of 2000 from the U.S. Census Bureau and examine the relationship between life expectancy and various factors, including geographical position, gender and local economic conditions, which are denoted by per capita income. Using an OLS method, we found that the gender and geographical positions strongly correlated with life expectancy. Females in average lives five years longer than males, given other conditions; life expectancy of residents in Hawaii in average is 4 years longer than that of residents in Southern American, including Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, etc. This difference may due to the availability of new medical techniques, the various life styles of different places and the sanitation conditions, which we will not go into the details in this paper. According to our research, the per capita income is not a significant factor affecting the life expectancy across states in the United States, which is contrary to the previous research done by Lant Pritchett and Lawrence H. Summers as mentioned before. Our research shows that in developed countries, the per capita income may not be an important factor in determining the life expectancy, which means the marginal effect of income on life expectancy diminishes. 2 Data and institutional background Life expectancy, by its definition, is the expected (in the statistical sense) number of years of life remaining at a given age  [4]  . The life expectancy in this paper refers to the number of years remaining at birth. Our analysis is based on linked 2000 state-level data from multiple sources. Data on the state-level life expectancy (of female and male) are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau  [5]  , whose mission is to serve as source of data about the United States people and economy  [6]  .Data on the per capita income of all states is from the website of Information Please  [7]  , which is part of Pearson, an integrated education company. The data was computed by Information Please using mid-year population estimates of the Bureau of the Census. To examine the effects of factors other than age and per capita income, we consider the geographical location of people. Intuitively, where people live determines their life style, their diet and the climate around, thus affecting the life expectancy. To figure this effect, we include the geographical location in to our model. However, due to the lack of data, we divide states into 8 groups. They are: Alaska; Hawaii; New England, which includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; Midwest, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West, which includes California, Colorado, Utah, Washington, Wyoming; Middle, which includes Delaware, DC, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; South, which includes Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North California, South California, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia; Southwest, which includes Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas. We introduce 7 dummy variables to denote these 8 categories. If an observation belongs to a certain category, we denote it with 1, else we set it 0. 3 Methodology Our aim in this paper is to examine the effects of genders, per capita income and geographical location on life expectancy. Among these factors, per capita income is measured by the 2000 US Dollar, while the life expectancy is measured in unite of years. We employ OLS linear regression model to estimate the marginal effect of various factors on life expectancy. Suppose the statistical average years remaining at birth in a certain state is measured by y, and the explanatory variables are vector x. Assume that life expectancy, y is a linear function of our independent variables x, or y=ÃŽÂ ±+xÃŽÂ ²+ÃŽÂ µ, where ÃŽÂ ²is a vector of coefficients andÃŽÂ µis assumed to be conditional independent of x and has a expected value of 0, x is a vector of variables assumed to affect life expectancy. Intuitively, per capita income should have a positive coefficient while the female dummy variable negative. There, using these assumptions and measures, our main hypothesis is as follows. Hypothesis1: an increase in per capita income should be accompanied with an increase in life expectancy. Hypothesis2: being a female means longer life expectancy. Hypothesis3: Living in different part of the United States brings about a different life expectancy. 4 Results 4.1 Descriptive statistics Table 1 provides summary statistics for the main variables in our study. As we can easily figure out from Table 1, the life expectancy of female is much greater than that of males. All the common statistics of females, including mean, maximum, minimum and mean, outperform the males by more than 5 years. Besides, the variation of life expectancy of males among different states, measured by standard deviation, is larger than the females by about half a year. This fact, to some extent, confirms peoples guess that due to more variations in life styles, males life expectancy changes more violently than females. Another fact that we should notice in table 1 is that the great range of per capita income. Ranging from 20856 to 40870, per capita income of different states has a standard deviation of 4512, which accounts for 20% of the mean. Such a great variation suggests that the coefficients may have a relatively small coefficient. Figure 1 is a Box plot of life expectancy for both Male and Female. Visually, we cannot find significant different in variation between these two categories. Most of the observations fall in the right area apart from one observation of male which is significantly below the right area. This observation is the D.C. Since our purpose is to measure the effects of geographical location on life expectancy, we dont have a good reason for deleting this observation from the dataset. As a result, we will keep this sample point and run the regressions. 4.2 Regression results Table 2 provides the regression results for life expectancy, controlling for geographical locations, genders and per capita income. The first set of results in the table use per capita income in 2000, while the second use that of 1999. As we can see from the first column of table 1, using Southwest part of the United States as the base, the dummy variables Hawaii, South, Female are significant under 1% significant level and Middle is significant under 5% significant level. The coefficient of Female is 5.2, which means being a female increases life expectancy by about 5 years, controlling for geographical locations. This accounts for about 7% of life expectancy of males. The difference in life expectancy between male and female may due to their distinct living style. In the United States, men tend to work to support the family, while a large proportion of women remain being a house wife. Higher pressure for men, as well as their more exposure to working place accident, public place crime and unhealthy habit, like smoking and drinking, may contribute to their lower life expectancy. When it comes to geographical location, living in Hawaii is with no doubt better for healthy than in southern American. The difference be tween these two districts may be due to the climate, the living style or some omitted variables, for example, people who like swimming and sailboat may prefer to live in Hawaii. This habit, in turn, makes them healthier than people in other places. Our research has shown that after controlling for per capita income, life expectancy in different parts of the states is different. This suggests a further research on why they differ in life expectancy. When it comes to per capita income, as we can see, in the first column we introduce per capita income of 2000 as explanatory variable, while in the second column we use that of 1999. Neither of these two coefficients is significant, which means in developed countries, income might not be a determinant factor that affects state-level life expectancy. Notice that we are not saying income is not important for individuals who are less fortune, but for statistical average of large sample size, its effects are offsets by the people who are extremely rich. Since it is a cross-sectional dataset, we need to test whether heteroskedasticity exists. Figure 2 are the plot of residuals versus genders. Roughly speaking, the distributions of residuals of both genders seem alike. To confirm this point, we conducted Breusch-Pagan test and the results are presented in Table 3. The chi square is 3.02, which means this is significant under a 10% interval and a weak heteroskedasticity may exist. To exclude this effect, we then conducted weighted OLS regression, and the regression results are similar to that in table1. We present it in table 4. 5 Conclusion In this paper we examine the effects of geographical location on life expectancy, controlling for gender and per capita income. Our research finds that living in different places does contribute to the different in the life expectancy. A more detailed research may be needed to find out why.

What Factors Effect Student Cinema Attendance Media Essay

What Factors Effect Student Cinema Attendance Media Essay The main objective of this research is to determine factors that affect UEL students cinema-going behaviour. This report consist two main parts, Research Methodology and Finding and Analysis. At the end, a conclusion will be drawn out based on finding. 1.0 Literature Review Cinema-going refer to an action taken by individual to visit cinema for a movie screening, as those who visit cinema are called cinema-goers (Lipponen et al, 2003). Many researches have been done by researchers on cinema going behaviour in some country such as Australia (Henderson, 2007), Finland, Estonia, and Portugal (Lipponen et al, 2003). These studies focus on characteristics of cinema-goers that are similar between two or more different place. In order to determine what factors that affect cinema going behaviours, several areas of consumer behaviour have put into consideration. Knowledge Consumers knowledge refers to the amount of information that store within the memory of consumer on that particular product or services (Blackwell et al, 2001). What UEL students knew about that movie will affect their cinema-going behaviour. For examples, who is starring that movie? Who is the director? When the movie will be screen on local cinema? Attitudes Basically attitudes refer to what consumer prefer or like to consume. Cinema-goers usually go cinema watch movie is because of their favourite type movie screening. If that particular movie is dislike by him/her, most likely he/she wont go cinema. Perception Sometimes what consumer thought about that particular goods or services might affect their purchasing decision. Example action movies might suit to boys because of fighting scene but not suit for girl as they think that fighting is not good. 2.0 Methodology Research methods that going to apply is sampling method consist of survey throughout UEL students who study in International Business and Marketing course. Comparison between local and foreign students applied as different in background, education level, cinema censorship and perception toward a particular movie. Non-probability sampling applied where questionnaires were distributed based on their knowledge and personality. There are several limitations and advantages (Singleton et al, 1993) by using non-probability sampling. Limitations of non-probability sampling are unable to prevent bias of investigator on selection of participants and unable to predict the sampling error or sample precision. Advantages are less expensive and easy to collect with high respond rate. Primary data Questionnaire consist of 90 sets were distributed among UEL students and 80 sets responded. The questionnaire consists of 3 sections with total of 18 where most are close-ended questions (referring to Appendix 1). Total Responded Rate = 80 / 90 * 100% = 88.89% Besides that, focus group and personal interview have been used to collect primary data. This method apply is because focus group provide more information compare to observation (Morgan, 1997). Besides that, result can be obtained in fast and easy way. Yet some may not be able to join in the focus group due to distance and not easy to locate the right person (Morgan, 1997). Detailed explanation on these two methods stated on Appendix 2. Personally interview was carried out in order to obtain more accurate data beside questionnaire and focus group. Two respondents with different background and knowledge level were selected as they able to provide different answers which are not generalise. Yet limitation of personal interview is bias may occurred when selecting respondents and that respondents may not have the time for interview. 3.0 Finding and Analysis Based on Table 1, questionnaire respondents of 80 divided into two groups, 46 local students and 34 foreign students. All those respondents are UEL students. Question 2: What day in a week you likely will visit to cinema? Based on the finding from questionnaire, Saturday ranked as the first choose of day to go cinema for a movie with a total of 43 (27.56%), both local and foreign, students. While Wednesday ranked as second choice of UEL students with 37 (23.72%) students. Friday and Sunday follow after second ranking. Values of percentage refer to Table 2.1. From the overall finding, we conclude that local and foreign students prefer to watch movie on weekends. Result from focus group has found similarity to questionnaire where majority of member prefer to watch movie on Saturday and Wednesday. One of them stated that Wednesday they able to purchase the ticket using student price. The others stated Saturday is more suitable as their boyfriend/girlfriend/classmates doesnt have any class where they usually unable to meet during weekdays. Yet from personal interview, local respondent choose weekdays as weekends price for ticket is much expensive. Foreign respondent stated that weekends will not suitable as too crowded. Question 3: What types of movie genre you prefer to watch at cinema? Through questionnaire, both local and foreign students prefer to watch action movies in cinema with a total of 54 (20.69%) respondents. While comedy (46 respondents, 17.62%) and romance (30 respondents, 11.49%) following the back. Dance/musical movies found as the lowest pick (20 respondents, 7.66%) and hence being ranked as likely unwelcome movies among local and foreign students. Values of percentage can be found in Table 3.1. Focus group show same result where majority of them are like to watch action movie. Reasons are have different kind of feeling, more excited, sound system made it more real, love to watch martial arts and so on. One of them stated that romance movies are suitable to watch together with their spouse. None of them prefer to watch dance/musical movies at cinema. Personal interview indicated that action movies are their first choice if they wish go cinema. One of respondents says that dance/musical movies are not worth to watch at cinema. Hence conclusion is movie genre can affect UEL student cinema-going behaviour where the movie must in the preference of them. Question 4: What language of movie that you preferred to watch? Based on the result of questionnaire, both local and foreign students prefer to watch English language movies (68 respondents, 57.63%). Chinese language movies are the second higher (38 respondents, 32.2%). Certain respondents have chosen other languages such as Japanese, Korean, and Hindu. From focus group, all respondents choose English language movies. Reasons are they want to improve/strengthen their language in English, much better compare with other types, learn the way they speak and etc. Result from personal interview also supporting finding in questionnaire as they found that their spoken language in English is bad and want to improve by learning how they speak. Local respondent stated that English movies are much more excited that other language movie. Question 5: Usually you go to cinema with whom? From questionnaires result, we found that majority of local and foreign UEL students go cinema with their friends (75 respondents, 64.66%). Spouse (22 respondents, 18.97%) and family (13 respondents, 11.21%) following after friends. This situation occurred as majority of respondents prefer to watch action movies and their girlfriend unwilling to follow them. Focus groups respondents also providing similar answer as questionnaire where they feel that a group of friends go for movie watching is part of their entertainment, fulfil their social needs as illustrated in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (refer to Appendix 3). Result from personal interview show different respond. Local respondent spend much of the time watch movies with his girlfriend while foreign respondent prefer to watch movies with friends as his spouse didnt follow him come here to study. Question 8: Based on your last cinema going experience, please the following statement. (1 Very Poor, 2 Poor, 3 Fair, 4 Good, 5 Very Good) Respondents in questionnaire choose that environment on previous visiting to cinema are good. Majority of local and foreign students (46 respondents which is the highest among three factors, 57.5%) are satisfied with the environment such as seats, screening, sound system and others. This shows that students satisfaction on cinemas environment can be important factor in affecting cinema-going behaviour. At the same time, focus group provide more reasons to support result in questionnaire as all respondents are satisfied with overall environment during last visit to cinema. One of the respondents stated that every single cinema company is competing with each other by providing better environment and services especially Golden Screen Cinema (GSC). The others say they will visit the same cinema again in the future because that particular cinema can satisfied them. Respondents in personal interview stated that environment play less role when determine cinema-going where location is the most important. Even the closer cinema to his house didnt provide good environment, he will insist to go there. Question 9: How do you become aware of the new movies screening in the local cinema? Through questionnaire, we can see that majority of local and foreign UEL students become aware of new movies and obtain their information through newspaper and friends recommendations (both with the same respondents rate of 49, 24.87%). Besides that, online website (36 respondents, 18.27%) is another place where they can get new movies information from. Focus groups respondents also stated that they usually obtain information from their friends or through newspaper. Seldom watch movie trailer before going to cinema and watch that particular movie. Online website usually used for e-reservation purpose only. Personal interview also found that local and foreign UEL students also obtain their information by friends recommendation and newspaper. Respondents stated that movies that rated best or good by friends should be fine with them. Therefore they will go cinema and watch that movies. We able to conclude that friends influence can affect their cinema-going behaviour. Question 10: Please indicate what reasons that discourage you from going cinema. Result from questionnaire show that location (53 respondents, 42.06%) is the main factor that affects their cinema-going behaviour, both local and foreign students. Ticket price ranked as second factor with 28 respondents and 22.22% while public transportation (21 respondents, 16.67%) follows at the back. Those respondents choose others provide reason such as environment and availability of new movies in that cinema. In contrast focus group provides different answer from questionnaire where majority of respondents stated that location is not their concern. They stated that environment is their main concern of going cinema even that cinema located far from their living place. Minority say that public transportation must available as they dont have own transportation. But personal interview show that location is their main concern as they need to travel with their own transport. Sometime traffic is too crowded until they feel tired if that cinema located far from their house. Environment will fall under consideration when going cinema. Question 12: Does the availability of movie viewing alternative such as DVD/VCD/Online streaming discourage you from going cinema? Based on questionnaire result, we may conclude that majority of the respondents will not be discouraged to go cinema even there is availability of movie viewing alternative. The result accumulated with 43 respondents or 53.75% of total respondents. Focus group show supportive result where all respondents choose that movie viewing alternative will not be the factor from discouraging them from going cinema. Respondents say that watching movie at cinema will have different feeling from watching VCD/DVD at home. Besides that environment in cinema can allow couple to strengthen their relation according to respondent. Moreover personal interview show the similar result as questionnaire and focus group. Both local and foreign students will not bought VCD/DVD/Online streaming as they want to be the first person to watch the movie in cinema. Besides that, if the movie is good then they can recommend to their friends. 4.0 Conclusion When preparing the report, comparison is made between local students and foreign students. Through the research, we can conclude that both local and foreign UEL students prefer to watch movies with their friends. Besides that, majority of them go to cinema based on their satisfaction on several areas such as environment, sound system, screen and etc. Yet local students obtain their information for that particular movie through their friends recommendation while foreign students prefer to get information through newspaper. However, this research topic required a deeper analysis to a wider range of factors and keeps up to date where human behaviour will change from time-to-time. (2,057 words) 5.0 Appendixes Survey form sample (Appendix 1) University of East London Stamford College Petaling Jaya Lot 7A, Jalan 223, Seksyen 14, 46100 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Tel: (+603) 79563188 Website: www.stamford.edu.my Dear Sir/Madam, A research has been conducted in order to determine what factors that affect UEL students cinema-going behaviour. Therefore survey form was distributed among UEL students. Information will be used for education and research purpose only. All information disclosed in this survey form will not be distributed or re-used by third party. Please kindly answer ALL questions listed in the survey form. Thank you. Section A: Demographic (Please read the question carefully and place à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ on those answer that most appropriate) Gender: Male Female Age: Below 20 21 23 24 26 27 29 Above 30 Nationality: Malaysian China Indonesian Others: _______________ Race: Malay Chinese Indian Others: _______________ Marital status: Single Married Divorced Highest education level: Primary school Secondary school A Level College University *UEL ID: ____________________ (Year ___ Semester ___) * Field indicated to fill in for future data keeping. Section B: How often do you visit cinema? Everyday 3 4 times per week Once a month Once per week Never visit (Go to Section C) What day in a week you likely will visit to cinema? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday What types of genre you prefer to watch at cinema? (Continued Pg 3) Animation 3D Horror Romance Action Comedy Sci-Fi Dance/Musical What language of movie that you preferred to watch? English Chinese Tamil Others: ______________ Do you prefer to watch movie similar to drama? (eg, High School Musical1, 2 and 3) Yes No Usually you go to cinema with whom? (Can choose more than one answer) Family Friends Spouse Alone How much are you prepared to spend to purchase a cinema ticket? RM 5 RM 10 RM 11 RM 16 RM 17 RM 22 Above RM 22 Based on your last cinema going experience, please rate every statements stated below: Lighting Lighting(1 Very poor, 2 Poor, 3 Fair, 4 Good, 5 Very good) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Clear screen Clear screen à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Air condition Air condition à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Seats setting Seats setting à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Sound system Sound system à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ How do you become aware of the new movies screening in the local cinema? (Continue Section C) Magazines Friends recommendation Online website Newspaper Cinema centre Broadcasting Section C: Please indicate what reasons that discourage you from going cinema (Can choose more than one answer). Price Cinema location Public transportation Promotion Other (Please specify: _________________________________________________) Please rank the following cinema companies from most popular to not popular based on your opinions. (1 Most popular, 2 Popular, 3 Fair, 4 Less popular, 5 Not popular) GSC TGV Cathay Cineplex MBO Lotus Five Star Does the availability of movie viewing alternative such as DVD/VCD/Online streaming discourage you from going cinema? Yes No Thank you for helping in this survey. Appendix 2 Focus Group Discussion This group consists of seven members, both local and foreign UEL students. Their personal information was not collected as each person prefer to remain anonymous in this research. Below is the result from the discussion: Usually you prefer to watch movies on which day? Why? Wednesday. Promotion. Student price. Not so crowded as weekends. Friday. No class on Friday for most of the students. Can spend more time with girlfriend/boyfriend. Saturday. Weekends price cheaper than weekdays. Usually not class for their spouse. What movies genre that you always watch at cinema? Action movies Romance movies (usually with spouse) 3D movies yet due to newly introduce therefore seldom watch by students. Horror movies What type of movies language that you prefer to watch at cinema? Why? English. Strengthen their language. Improve their speaking skill. More better if compare with other language Adopt the correct way to speak English. Forced by lecturer to watch English movies. Usually you go to cinema with whom? Why? Friends. Part of their life. To entertain friends because they ask for a movie. Can share opinions after watching movies. Spouse. Being forced. Improve relationship. Do you satisfied with last experience to cinema in term of seat, sound system, and screen? Will you go to that particular cinema again? Satisfied with those three factors. Yes because GSC provide the best environment to their customers. Satisfied. Now every cinema companies are competing in term of environment in order to booths up their sales. Willing to visit that cinema again. How do you become aware of new movies screening in cinema? Newspaper. Online website (usually for reserve purpose) Friends recommendation Does public transportation affect your cinema-going behaviour? No. Usually have own transportation. Major concern when dont have own transportation. Does location will affect your cinema-going behaviour? Yes. Sometime that cinema is located far away from their house. Stuck in traffic jam will feel exhausted and eliminate the mood to watch movie. Usually price will discourage you from going cinema? No. As long the price is within reasonable price range. No. To enjoy different feeling. Yes. Not affordable to purchase expensive ticket. Does alternative of movie viewing such as DVD or online streaming will discourage you from going cinema? No. That kind of feeling which obtained through watching at cinema is different from watching movie at home. No. Able to have more private space with spouse. Personal Interview Respondents personal information: L: Local student (1116421) F: Foreign student (1116608) Date: 12 April 2010 Duration: 45 minutes Can you tell me in which day of a week that you always go watch movies? L: I always watch movies on weekends especially on Saturday because I able to save cost compare to weekdays. F: Prefer to watch on weekdays oh because I can use my student card to get student price on Wednesday. Then what movies genre that you always watch at cinema? L: Action movies will be my first choose because the way they fight make me feel excited. F: Action movies. I dont like to watch dance/musical movies because is very boring and not attractive to me. What language movies that you always watch at cinema? L: English movies. More excited and adventure compare to other type of language. F: English movies because I am weak in speaking English when communicating with friends or lecturer. So I want to learn how to speak English. You usually go to cinema with whom? L: Friends. To entertain them. But majority of the time will go on date with girlfriend as normal day is study day and unable to spend more time with her. F: Friends. No choice because my boyfriend is not with me at Malaysia. Do environment factors affect your cinema going behaviour? Factors such as seat, sound system and screen. L: Of course not. Fuel price becoming more expensive than before so nearest cinema will be my choice. F: No. As long that I able to be with my friends, other factors will not be my concern. How you get your information about new movies at cinema? L: Through my friends and sometime from newspaper. F: Friends recommendation and newspaper. Usually online website was used to book ticket only. Does distance from your house to cinema is another factor discouraging you from going cinema? L: Yes. More nearest to my house, more likely I will choose that cinema. F: Yes. Sometime when the traffic is crowded then I might late for that movie. Then how about public transportation? L: No. Usually I will drive my car. F: No. My friends will come and fetch me. Will you pay high price for a movie? L: Depend on what movie. If that movie is my favourite then I wont mind spending high price but must be reasonable. F: Usually wont because I have limited budget to spend on every week. Will you buy DVD or go online to watch movie instead of going cinema? L: No. That kind of excitement cannot found if watch at home. (Some reasons have been removed due to personal reason) F: No. As long I can be with my friend, I can go watch movie even I watch that movie for more than two times. Appendix 3 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, introduced by Abraham Maslow, a famous psychologist, divine into five areas: Physiological Needs, Security Needs, Social Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-actualisation needs. In Social Needs stage, human want to have a sense of belonging, being love or loving. Involved in relationship such as friendship, romance, families can help human being to fulfil their needs for companionship and acceptance (Maslow, 1970).